Screen Time Review of Reviews Summary

Results

Search Results

The searches yielded 41,928 results, of which 24,023 were removed as duplicates. After screening titles and abstracts, we assessed 1,964 full-texts inclusion. One hundred and nineteen met the inclusion criteria and we extracted the data of these studies.

After extracting data, we examined the combinations of exposure and outcomes and removed any effects that appeared more than once, keeping the effect with the largest total effect size. This process yielded 169 unique effects/outcome combinations contributed from 65 papers.

Figure 1: PRISMA Diagram

Review Characteristics

Interactive

Print

Review Characteristics
Quality Assessment
First Author Year Design Restrictions Regions Restrictions Earliest Study Year Latest Study Year Sample Ages Outcomes Assessed Exposures Assessed Eligibility Criteria Predefined And Specified Literature Search Strategy Comprehensive And Systematic Dual Independent Screening Review Dual Independent Quality Assessment Included Studies Listed With Important Characteristics And Results Of Each Publication Bias Assessed Heterogeneity Assessed
Anderson 2010 None None Specified NA NA All
Unclear Low High Low High Low Low
Bartel 2015 None All 2004 2014 adolescents
(12.2—17.7)
  • Sleep: Bedtime
  • Sleep: Duration
  • Sleep: Time to fall asleep
  • Computer use: General
  • Internet use: General
  • Screen use: General (mobile phone)
  • TV programs and movies: General
  • Video game console: General
Low Low Unclear Unclear Low Unclear Unclear
Boyland 2016 Include: Experimental None Specified 2004 2015 Children, Adolescents
(6.0—10.4)
  • Diet: Food intake
  • Advertising: Unhealthy food
High Low Low Unclear Low Low Low
Carter 2016 Include: All quantitative designs None specified 2011 2015 Children, Adolescents
(10.6—17.0)
  • Sleep: Inadequate duration
  • Sleep: Lethargy
  • Sleep: Poor quality
  • Screen use: General (mobile phone at bed time)
Low Low Unclear Low Low High Low
Ferguson 2017 None None Specified 2005 2017 Children, Adolescents
  • Risky behavior: Sexual activity
  • Risky behavior: Sexual activity (initiation of sex)
  • Screen use: Sexy media
Unclear Low Low High Low Low Low
Fischer 2011 None None Specified 1985 2010 Children, Adolescents
Low Low Unclear High Low Low Low
Hammersley 2016 Include: RCT_general None Specified 2003 2013 Children, Adolescents
  • Body composition
  • Intervention: To promote healthy weight (obesity prevention)
Low Low High Low Low High Low
Lee 2016 None None Specified NA NA School-age_Primary/Elementary School
Unclear Low Low High High High High
Liao 2014 Include: RCT_no treatment control None Specified 1999 2012 Children, Adolescents
(4.0—14.7)
  • Body composition
  • Intervention: Screentime reduction
Unclear Low High Low Low Low Low
Marshall 2004 None None Specified 1985 2002 Children, Adolescents
  • Body composition
  • Physical activity: General
  • TV programs and movies: General
  • Video games: General
Unclear Low High High High High Low
Strong 2011 Include: RCT_general; quasi-experimental None Specified 2004 2009 All
(6.0—12.5)
Low Low Low Low Low High High
van Grieken 2012

Include: Experimental

Exclude: a design with no control group 		None Specified 1999 2010 Children, Adolescents
(1.9—18.2)
Unclear Low Low Low Low High Low
Wahi 2011 Include: RCT_general None Specified 1995 2010 All
(3.9—11.7)
Unclear Low Low High Low High Low
Tremblay 2011 Include: All quantitative designs None Specified NA NA Children, Adolescents
Unclear Low Low Unclear Low Low Low
Luckner 2012 Include: RCT_general; quasi-experimental Western countries 1999 2008 All
Unclear Low High High Low Low Low
McArthur 2012 Include: RCT_general; quasi-experimental None Specified 1994 2009 All
(6.7—16.2)
  • Literacy: Phonics
  • Intervention: Literacy (phonics; via computer)
Low Low Low Low Low Low Low
Nikkelen 2014 none specified none specified 1978 2014 Children; Adolescents
(1.5—15.3)
Unclear Low High High Low Low Low
Bochner 2015 Include: RCT_general None Specified 2008 2013 Children, Adolescents
  • Body composition
  • Video games: Physically active
Unclear Low High High Low High Low
Ferguson 2015 None None Specified 1987 2013 Children, Adolescents
(5.5—17.2)
Unclear Low Unclear Unclear High Low Low
Gao 2015 Include: Within subject design; between subject design None Specified 2006 2014 Children, Adolescents
(7.5—15.1)
Unclear Low Low Low High High High
Liu 2016 Include: cross-sectional; case-control; longitudinal None Specified 2001 2014 All
(10.9—18.0)
  • Psychological health: Depression
  • Screen use: General
Unclear Low Low Unclear Low Low Low
de Oliveira 2016 Include: observational None Specified 2010 2014 Adolescents
  • Cardiometabolic health: Metabolic Syndrome
  • Screen use: General
Low Low Low Low Low Low Low
Zhang 2016 Include: cohort; case-control; cross-sectional None Specified 2001 2014 Children
  • Body composition
  • TV programs and movies: General
Unclear Low Low High Low Low Low
Fedele 2017 Include: All quantitative designs None Specified 2006 2016 Children, Adolescents
(8.7—18.0)
Unclear Low High Low Low Low Low
Mares 2013 Exclude: experimental Not North America_USA 1973 2010 Children
  • Cognition: Moral reasoning and perception of out-groups
  • Learning: General
  • Learning: Literacy and numeracy
  • Learning: Physical and social environment
  • Intervention: Sesame Street
Unclear High High High Low High Low
Mares 2005 None None Specified 1969 1989 children
  • Aggression: Towards peers
  • Cognition: Reducing stereotypes
  • Prosocial Behavior: Altruism
  • Social interactions: General
  • TV programs and movies: General
Unclear Low High High Low High High
van Ekris 2016 Include: Prospective design all 2005 2015 School-age_general
(2.0—16.3)
  • Body composition
  • Computer use: General
  • TV programs and movies: General
Unclear Low Low Low Low High Low
Chodura 2015 Include: pretest–posttest with control group None Specified 1990 2012 School-age_Primary/Elementary School
Unclear Low High High Low Low Low
Kroesbergen 2003 Include: within subject design; between subject design None Specified 1985 1999 School-age_Primary/Elementary School
(7.0—11.3)
  • Numeracy: General
  • Intervention: Mathematics (via computer in school classrooms)
Unclear Low Unclear High Low High Low
Pearce 2016 All quantiative designs None Specified 1986 2012 Children, Adolescents
  • Psychological health: Internalizing
  • TV programs and movies: Scary content
Unclear Low High High High Low Low
Peng 2011 None All 2001 2010 children, adolescents
Unclear Low Unclear Unclear Low High Low
Sadeghirad 2016 Include: RCT_general All 1978 2014 Children, Adolescents
(3.8—11.0)
  • Diet: Unhealthy food choice
  • Advertising: Unhealthy food
High Low Low Low Low Low Low
Steele 2016 include: experimental; single case None Specified 2009 2012 Incarcerated Juveniles
(16.3—16.3)
Unclear Low High High Low Low Low
Takacs 2014 Include: Experimental; quasi-experimental All 1980 2014 NA
  • Learning: General
  • e-Books: Narration
High Low Unclear High Low Low Low
Takacs 2015 Include: Experimental; quasi-experimental None Specified 1980 2014 Early childhood/pre-school, School-age_Primary/Elementary School
(3.0—10.0)
Unclear Low High High Low Low Low
Weng 2014 None None Specified 1981 2013 All
Unclear Low High High Low High Low
Wood 1991 Include: RCT_general None Specified 1956 1988 Children, adolescents
Low Unclear Unclear Unclear Low High Low
Zucker 2009 Include: RCT_general; quasi-experimental; observational None Specified 1997 2006 School-age_Primary/Elementary School
  • Literacy: Decoding
  • Literacy: Reading comprehension
  • e-Books: General
Low Low Unclear High Low High Low
Barnett 2011 None None Specified 2006 2009 All
(9.7—15.1)
Unclear Low Unclear Unclear Low High Low
Williams 1982 None None Specified 1954 1980 School-age_general
(5.0—17.0)
  • Learning: General
  • TV programs and movies: General
Unclear Unclear High Unclear Low High High
Gardella 2017 Include: cross-sectional, quantatitive North America_USA 2006 2014 Adolescents
(12.5—16.2)
  • Learning: Educational achievement problems
  • Learning: School attendance problems
  • Internet use: Cyberbullying victimization
Unclear Low Low Unclear Low Low Low
Tingir 2017 Include: Experimental; quasi-experimental All 2010 2014 School-age_general
High High Low Unclear Low Low Low
Slavin 1991 n/a None Specified 1984 1989 Primary/Elementary School (K-3)
High High High High Low High High
Slavin 2009 Include: a design with a control group; random assignment None Specified 1971 2007 School-age_Middle School, School-age_High School
Unclear Low Low High Low High High
Paik 1994 none None Specified NA NA Children; Adolescents
Unclear High Unclear High High Low High
Cushing 2010 Include: All quantitative designs; Experimental None Specified 1989 2009 children, adolescents
  • Healthy behavior: General
  • Intervention: Health behaviours
Unclear Low High High Low Low Low
Liao 2008 Include: All quantitative designs Taiwan 1990 2003 School-age_Primary/Elementary School
  • Learning: General
  • Intervention: Education (via computer)
Low High High Low High High High
Cheung 2013 Include: Experimental; quasi-experimental None Specified 1980 2010 School-age_general
  • Numeracy: General
  • Intervention: Mathematics (in schools)
Low High High Unclear Low Low Low
Abrami 2015 Include: Experimental; quasi-experimental None Specified 2009 2015 School-age_Early Primary/Elementary School (K-3)
  • Literacy: Listening comprehension
  • Literacy: Phonics
  • Literacy: Phonomic awareness
  • Literacy: Reading comprehension
  • Literacy: Reading fluency
  • Literacy: Vocabulary knowledge
  • intervention: Literacy (Abracadabra; in schools)
High High Low High Low Low Low
Bayraktar 2001 Include: Experimental; quasi-experimental North America_USA 1970 1999 School-age_High School
Unclear High High Unclear High Low Low
Chan 2014 Include: Experimental; quasi-experimental None specified 2002 2012 School-age_general
  • Numeracy: General
  • Intervention: Dynamic geometry software
Unclear High High High Low Low Low
Cheung 2013

Include: pretest–posttest with control group (non-randomised); pretest–posttest with control group (randomized at individual level); pretest–posttest with nonequivalent control group (randomized at group level)

Exclude: one group pretest–posttest; one group posttest only design 		None Specified 1985 2011 School-age_Primary/Elementary School
Low Unclear Low High Low Low Low
Grabe 2008 Include: Experimental; correlational English-speaking countries 1996 2006 adolescents
(7.5—17.4)
Low Low High High Low High Low
Graham 2015 Include: Experimental; quasi-experimental None Specified 2004 2011 School-age_Primary/Elementary School; School-age_Middle School
  • Literacy: Writing
  • Intervention: Writing feedback
Unclear Low High High Low Low Low
Li 2010 Include: Experimental; quasi-experimental None Specified 1991 2005 School-age_general
  • Numeracy: General
  • intervention: Mathematics
Unclear Low Low Unclear Low High Low
Schroeder 2013 Include: Experimental; quasi-experimental All 2001 2009 All
Low Low Unclear High Low Low Low
Slavin 2008

Include: RCT_general; quasi-experimental

Exclude: Cohort 		None Specified 1983 2006 School-age_Primary/Elementary School
Unclear Unclear High High Low High High
Slavin 2014 Include: RCT_general; quasi-experimental All 2000 2011 School-age_Primary/Elementary School
  • Science: General
  • Intervention: Science (in schools)
Unclear High High High Low High High
Cox 2012 None All 1994 2010 Early childhood/pre-school
(3.2—5.3)
High Low High High Low High Low
Hurwitz 2018 None North America_USA 1997 2018 Early childhood/pre-school, School-age_Early Primary/Elementary School (K-3)
  • Literacy: General
  • Intervention: Literacy videos
Low Low High High Low Low Low
Ghobadi 2018

Include: cohort; case-control; cross-sectional

Exclude: interventions 		None Specified 2009 2014 Children, Adolescents
  • Body composition
  • TV programs and movies: Mealtime
Unclear Low Low Unclear Low Low Low
Ameryoun 2018 Include: RCT_general None Specified 2007 2017 Children, Adolescents
(9.3—16.0)
  • Body composition
  • Video games: Physically active
Low Low Unclear Unclear Low Low Low
Stavrinos 2018

Include: behavioural research

Exclude: population-based epidemiology 		None Specified 2007 2015 All
(9.1—18.0)
Unclear High Low Low Low Low Low
Darling 2017 Include: intervention None specified 2006 2016 NA
(8.7—16.0)
  • Body composition
  • Diet: Healthy dietary behaviour
  • Physical activity: General
  • Intervention: To promote health (via mobile phone)
Unclear Low Unclear Unclear Low High High
Chen 2017 None None specified 2004 2015 All
Unclear Low High High High High Low
Ozdemir 2018 Include: Experimental None Specified 2007 2017 Children; Adolescents
Unclear High Unclear High High High Low
Coyne 2018 None None Specified 1975 2017 Children, adolescents
Low Low Low High Low Low Low
Byun 2018 Include: All quantitative designs None Specified 2006 2014 School-age_general (K-12)
  • Numeracy: General
  • Video games: Numeracy
Unclear Unclear Unclear High High High High
Van ’t Riet 2014 Include: Experimental None Specified 2008 2013 Children, Adolescents
  • Body composition
  • Video games: Physically active
Unclear High Unclear Low Low High Low
Tekedere 2016 None All 2010 2015 All
  • Learning: General
  • Intervention: Augmented reality (in schools)
Unclear High Unclear Unclear Low Low Low
Tamim 2011 None All 1995 2007 School-age_general
Unclear High High Low High Low Low
Shahab 2009 Include: RCT_general None Specified 2006 2006 All
Unclear Low Unclear Unclear Low Low Low
Ryan 1991 Include: Experimental; quasi-experimental None Specified 1984 1989 School-age_Primary/Elementary School
Unclear Low High High Low High High
Prizant-Passal 2016 Include: All quantiative designs None Specified 2005 2013 All
(12.7—16.3)
Unclear Low Unclear High Low Low Low
Moran 2008 Include: Experimental; quasi-experimental None Specified 1988 2005 School-age_Middle School
Unclear Low Unclear High Low High Low
Liao 1992 None None Specified 1968 1988 All
Unclear High Unclear High High High High
Cheung 2012 Include: RCT_general None Specified 1982 2010 School-age_general
  • Literacy: Reading
  • Intervention: Reading (in schools)
Unclear Low Low High High Low Low
Blok 2002 None None Specified 1990 2000 All
(5.4—11.5)
  • Literacy: Reading fluency
  • intervention: Literacy
Unclear Low High High Low High Low
Adelantado-Renau 2019 Cross-sectional studies None specified 1982 2019 Children, Adolescents (4-18) or primary, elementary or secondary school students
(5.7—18.0)
  • Learning: Academic performance
  • Literacy: General
  • Numeracy: General
  • Screen use: General
  • TV programs and movies: General
  • Video games: General
Low Low Low Low Low Low Low
Aghasi 2020 Include: observational design None specified 2007 2016 None specified
(14.2—15.8)
  • Body composition
  • Internet use: General
Unclear Low Low Unclear Low Low Low
Andrade 2019 Include: interventions (allocated to group and compared with postintervention or control groups) None specified 2010 2017 Children, Adolescents (up to 19)
  • Healthy behavior: Self-efficacy
  • Psychological health: Depression
  • Psychological health: Enjoyment
  • Self-perceptions: General
  • Self-perceptions: Self-esteem
  • Video games: Physically active
Unclear Low Low Unclear Low High Low
Huang 2020 Include: empirical (including lab experiment and quasi-experiment) and cross-sectional (including longitudial) studies Include: All 1995 2017 Include: All
(5.3—17.3)
Unclear Low High High Low Low High
Janssen 2020 Include: cross-sectional, longitudinal or experimental studies None specified 2007 2019 Include: children ages birth to 59 months at basline."
  • Sleep: Duration
  • Screen use: General
Unclear Low Low Low Low Unclear Low
Kates 2018 None specified None specified 2008 2016 Include: school-age_general
  • Learning: General
  • Screen use: General (mobile phone)
Unclear High Low High High Low Low
Madigan 2020 Include: observational studies. Exclude: qualitative studies None specified 1973 2019 Childre (<12 yrs)
(0.5—10.6)
  • Literacy: General
  • Screen use: General
  • Screen use: General (coviewing)
  • TV programs and movies: Coviewing
  • TV programs and movies: Educational
  • TV programs and movies: General
  • TV programs and movies: General (in background)
Unclear Low Low Unclear Low Low Low
Lanca 2020 Include: cohort, case-control, cross-sectional or intervention trials. Exclude: case reports and retrospective studies. None specified 2007 2016 Children, Adolescents
  • Eye health: Myopia
  • Screen use: General
Unclear Low High Unclear Low Low Low
Oldrati 2020 Include: group-control experimental design None specified 2006 2018 School aged children (6-19)
  • Cognition: Cognitive functioning
  • Cognition: Executive Functioning
  • Cognition: Verbal skills
  • Cognition: Visuospatial skills
  • Numeracy: General
  • Psychological health: Adjustment
  • Intervention: Cognitive training
Unclear Low Unclear High Low Low Low
Oliveira 2020 Include: randomised controlled trials and quasi-RCTs. None specified 2008 2017 Children, Adolescents (2-19)
(7.5—16.1)
Low Low Low Low Low Low Low
Poorolajal 2020 Include: observational studies None specified 1995 2018 Children, Adolescents
  • Body composition
  • TV programs and movies: General
  • Video games: General
Unclear Low Low Unclear Low Low Low
Prescott 2018 Include: longitudinal designs All 2008 2017 None specified
(8.9—16.0)
Unclear Low Unclear High Low Low Low
Russell 2019 Include: experimental or nonexperiimenal All 2004 2018 Children, Adolescents (2-18)
(4.1—10.4)
Low Low Low High Low Low Low
Scionti 2019 Include: pre post treatment designs and RCTs with at least one control group (either active or passive) None specifed 2009 2019 Children (3-6)
(4.3—6.1)
  • Cognition: Executive functioning
  • Intervention: Cognitive training
Low Low Low High Low Low Low
Shin 2019 Include: intervention studies (RCTs and pre- and post- control groups) None specified 2013 2018 Adolescents (10-19)
(12.0—15.7)
  • Body composition
  • Diet: Sugary drinks
  • Physical activity: General
  • Screen time: General
  • Intervention: To promote health (via mobile phone app)
  • Intervention: To promote health (via mobile phone text message)
  • Intervention: To promote health (via mobile phone)
Unclear Low Low Low Low High Low
Takacs 2019 Include: RCT or quasi-experimental design None specified 2001 2016 Children <12 years
  • Cognition: Executive Functioning (accuracy)
  • Cognition: Executive Functioning (cognitive flexibility)
  • Cognition: Executive Functioning (inhibition)
  • Cognition: Executive Functioning (working memory)
  • Intervention: Education (via computer)
Low Low Unclear High Low Low Low
Vahedi 2018 Include: interventions using pre-post measures or a control group. Exclude: data from cross-sectional or survey sources None specified 2015 2016 Ages 11-19. Beginning middle school and finishing high school.
  • Risky behavior: Media literacy
  • Risky behavior: Risk taking (attitude)
  • Intervention: Media literacy (web-based)
Low Low Unclear Unclear Low Low Low
Vannucci 2020 Exclude: qualitative studies and descriptive case studies None specified 2011 2018 Adolescents (12-18)
(12.6—18.0)
  • Risky behavior: Risk taking (general)
  • Risky behavior: Safe sex
  • Risky behavior: Substance abuse
  • Social Media: General
Unclear Low Unclear High Low Low Low
Villegas-Navas 2020 Include: interventions with comparison group None specified 2004 2018 Children <12
(7.7—12.0)
Low Low Low Low Low Low Low
Zhou 2020 Exclude: non-empirical studies, ualitative studies and sys reviews or meta-analyses None specified 2009 2018 None specified
  • Healthy behavior: General
  • Healthy behavior: Self-efficacy
  • Psychological health: Enjoyment
  • Video games: Health promoting content
Unclear Low Unclear High Low Low Low
Xie 2018 Include: experimental, quasi-experimental, pretest-postest None specified 2010 2018 Include: Children (0-5 or mean age under 6)
(1.8—5.9)
  • Learning: General
  • Intervention: Education (via touch screen)
Unclear Low Low High Low Low Low
Aspiranto 2020 Include: intervention None specified 2013 2015 Include: students
  • Learning: General
  • Intervention: Education (via touch screen)
Unclear Low Low High Low High Low
Bossen 2020 Include: RCTs or controlled clinical trials (CCTs) None 2011 2018 Include: children
(10.0—15.7)
  • Body composition
  • Cardiometabolic health: Fitness
  • Physical activity: General
  • Physical health: Muscular fitness
  • Video games: Health promoting content
Unclear Low Low Low Low High Low
Champion 2019 Include: RCTs None specified 2003 2017 Include students (11-18 years)
(11.4—15.9)
  • Body composition
  • Diet: Fat consumption
  • Diet: Fruit and vegetable intake
  • Diet: Fruit intake
  • Diet: Sugary drinks & snacks
  • Physical activity: General
  • Physical activity: Moderate-to-vigorous intensity
  • Risky behavior: Alcohol consumption
  • Risky behavior: Smoking
  • Screen time: General
  • Intervention: Lifestyle risk behaviour (at school)
Low Low Low Low Low Low Low
Fang 2019 Include: cohort, case-control or cross-sectional designs None specified 2006 2019 Include: children (<18 years)
  • Body composition
  • Computer use: General
  • Screen use: General
  • TV programs and movies: General
Unclear Low Low Low Low Low Low
Ferguson 2019 None specified None specified 1986 2016 Include: children and adolescents
Unclear Low Unclear High High Low Low
Folkvord 2018 Include: intervention studies None specified 2007 2018 Include: 17 years or younger
  • Diet: Food intake (calories)
  • Advertising: Advergames
Unclear Low Low Unclear Low High Low
Hassan-Saleh 2019 Include: Experimental or Quasi-experimental None specified 2008 2016 Include: children and adolescents (7-17 years)
Unclear Low Unclear Unclear High High Low
Hurwitz 2019 None specified None specified 1997 2018 Include: children (aged 2-8 years)
Unclear Low Unclear Unclear Low Low Low
Kucukalkan 2019 Include: experimental studies None specified 2007 2016 Include: elementary and primary aged students between 1st and 8th grade
  • Numeracy: General
  • intervention: Mathematics
Unclear Low Unclear Unclear High Low Low
Larwin 2019 Include: interventions (single-case designs) None specified 2012 2015 Include: students attending a public, private, or charter K-12 school
Unclear Low Low Low Low High Low
Liu 2019 Include: quantitative None specified 2007 2014 None specified
(13.3—16.6)
  • Psychological health: Anxiety
  • Psychological health: Depression
  • Psychological health: Satisfaction
  • Social Media: Instant messaging
  • Video games: General
Unclear Low Unclear High Low Low Low
Martins 2019 Include: quantitative studies None specified 2003 2018 None specified
Unclear Low Unclear High Low Low Low
McArthur 2018 Studies that allocated participants using random allocation, quasi-random allocation, or minimisation. English speaking countries NA 2015 Include: children and adolescents
  • Literacy: General
  • Intervention: Literacy
Low Low Low Low Low Low Low
deRibera 2019 Include: cross-sectional, longitudinal, or case-control designs Include: low- and middle-incomce countries only NA NA Include: children and adolescents (aged 10-18 years)
Low Low Unclear Unclear Low Low Low
Hernandez-Jimenez 2019 Include: controlled clinical trials (randomised or quasi-randomised) and non-controlled clinical trials. None specified 2009 2017 Children and adolescents (<= 18 years old)
  • Body composition
  • Video games: Physically active
Unclear Low High Low Low Low Low
Scherer 2019 Include: experimental or quasi-experimental with at least one control group None specified 1973 2017 Include: children or students enrolled in pre-K to 12
Unclear Low Unclear Unclear Low Low Low

Forest Plots

Health Behaviour

Forest Plot for Health Behaviour Outcomes

Figure 2: Forest Plot for Health Behaviour Outcomes

Physical Health

Forest Plot for Physical Health Outcomes

Figure 3: Forest Plot for Physical Health Outcomes

Psychology

Forest Plot for Psychology Outcomes

Figure 4: Forest Plot for Psychology Outcomes

Education

Forest Plot for Education Outcomes

Figure 5: Forest Plot for Education Outcomes

Individual Studies

Currently, individual data has been extracted and cleaned for 123 effect sizes, out of 169 total effects (73%) .

Forest Plots

Health Behaviour

Forest Plot for Health Behaviour Outcomes

Figure 6: Forest Plot for Health Behaviour Outcomes

Physical Health

Forest Plot for Physical Health Outcomes

Figure 7: Forest Plot for Physical Health Outcomes

Psychology

Forest Plot for Psychology Outcomes

Figure 8: Forest Plot for Psychology Outcomes

Education

Forest Plot for Education Outcomes

Figure 9: Forest Plot for Education Outcomes

Appendix

Assumptions

I made the following assumptions which may or may not be reasonable:

  1. That \(\beta\) is equivilent to \(r\) for \(\beta < |.5|\) and undefined otherwise (never the case here)
  2. That, given the large sample sizes involved Hedge’s g and Cohen’s d where essentially equivalent and that sample sizes used to make up these effects were approximately equal in treatment and control groups.
  3. In the absence of information that could be used to construct a 2x2 contingency table that ORs and Relative Risk Ratios were equivalent and thus Relative Risk Ratios were converted to \(r\) as if they were Odds ratios.
  4. External to any other information that all forms of SMD, weighted means etc. were equivilent to Cohen’s d.

Project Structure

## here() starts at C:/Users/taren/GitHub/screen_umbrella
## ! Using an auto-discovered, cached token.
##   To suppress this message, modify your code or options to clearly consent to
##   the use of a cached token.
##   See gargle's "Non-interactive auth" vignette for more details:
##   <https://gargle.r-lib.org/articles/non-interactive-auth.html>
## i The googledrive package is using a cached token for 'taren.sanders@acu.edu.au'.

The following warnings were noted during the project build:

## # A tibble: 25 x 2
##    name                  warnings                                    
##    <chr>                 <chr>                                       
##  1 meta_results_060b9ff4 Studies with NAs omitted from model fitting.
##  2 meta_results_17bdf9f9 Studies with NAs omitted from model fitting.
##  3 meta_results_26028b07 Studies with NAs omitted from model fitting.
##  4 meta_results_2c543ec1 Studies with NAs omitted from model fitting.
##  5 meta_results_2d708f00 Studies with NAs omitted from model fitting.
##  6 meta_results_304f07cc Studies with NAs omitted from model fitting.
##  7 meta_results_3277830d Studies with NAs omitted from model fitting.
##  8 meta_results_34d83484 Studies with NAs omitted from model fitting.
##  9 meta_results_3cb33693 Studies with NAs omitted from model fitting.
## 10 meta_results_4325b21b Studies with NAs omitted from model fitting.
## # ... with 15 more rows